# Via Nova 1961 ‘Straliani

- Link: https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/
- Published: 2024-05-31T00:13:23+00:00
- Author: Joseph Simonetti

BOOK 6 [Via Nova 1961 ‘Straliani](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/)

 * [Giuseppe Garibaldi: Be Or Not Be Hero](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869764)
 * From Columbus’s connections with Spain to Giuseppe Garibaldi ceding his victories
   to King Vittorio Emanuele II at Teano.
 * Garibaldi’s position in history as part of the South American wars of independence
   explored. Brief Bio by Frank J. Coppa. **Factual narrative citations**: John 
   Foot[^([1])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn1) and Tim Parkes’s
   [^([2])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn2) opinion editorials,
   Garibaldi’s autobiography translated into French by Alexandre Dumas; Dumas also
   wrote the introduction to the autobiography.
 * The meaning of _‘liberal’ _in the Italian context put up against the _‘Whig Party’_
   of England.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Lucy Riall’s[^([3])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn3)
   book _‘Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero’ _held up against other commentators such
   as Alfonso Scirocco and his book _‘Garibaldi: Citizen of the World ’_on the subject.
   Roland Sarti’s[^([4])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn4) analysis
   of Riall’s book and whether she attempts an interpretation of _‘cancel culture.’_
   forms part of the discourse. In contemporary times, the Italian right-wing Northern
   League fires up the discourse of Garibaldi against its antithetical leftist nemesis_‘
   Associazione Liber Piemont (ALP)’._
 * Pope Pius IX sided against Garibaldi because of his anti-clerical leanings and
   support for Democracy, but then the church was against Protestants, Evangelists
   and Freemasons being the root of the _‘Risorgimento’._ Maurice Wilkinson’s _‘
   The Myth of Garibaldi’_ [^([5])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn5)
   gives a Catholicon perspective of Garibaldi.

[Butterflies Swarm Across The 1860 Decade](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869765)

 * Political storms sweeping across Europe have characteristics of Chaos Theory.
 * Calabrian patriots were dealt with severely by the Bourbon restoration. The Garibaldi
   phenomenon provided reparations of sorts. Adversary General Stocco regrouped 
   to assist Garibaldi’s arrival at Reggio Calabria. Francavilla’s connection is
   worked into folklore associated with the prominent Monnacio family; _Vincenzo
   Simonetti son of Foca’_ is mentioned in historical documents.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Christopher Duggan’s opinion that civil war 
   brought about unification.
 * Conflict of personalities between Garibaldi and Cavour surfaces.
 * Contemporary opinion pining for the Bourbon status quo for City States is aired
   by Sicilian Filippo Spadafora[^([6])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn6)
 * Whether Winston Churchill and Camillo Benso, known as Cavour, were similar is
   proposed and discussed. John Churchill’s role in British history is brought into
   the discourse. **Factual narrative citations**: historian Robert Lacey, Sir Robert
   Menzies, the Duke of Wellington faces off with Napoleon at Waterloo.
 * Italy’s fate remains embedded with Catholicism, Britain makes a clean break with
   the Papacy but still finds a way to back the Bourbon Monarch for its political
   purposes.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Winston Churchill’s thoughts on Benjamin Disraeli,
   disparities between North and South influenced by geography. Josip Broz commonly
   known as _‘Tito’_ makes part of a case study for the understanding of the Italian
   North-South dilemma.
 * Looking back nostalgically and procrastination explored via Andrew Marvel’s poem_‘
   To His Coy Mistress’__, _the _‘Canto dei Sanfedisti’ _and_ ‘Italiella.’[^(**[7]**)](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)_
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)[](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)
   [](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn7)
 * Plato’s ‘_The__ Republic’, and _Thomas More’s _‘Utopia’_ books are analysed to
   get a feel for the need for social equality to take root in Europe. Thomas Hood(
   1799–1845) in his poem _‘A Plain Direction’ _reports o_n _the slowness of the
   progress made.
 * Oligarchs were born of dystopic governance and billionaires in the West ready
   to subvert Democracy.
 * The Popes play up merry hell, the _‘Reformation and Counter Reformations’_ quandary
   has Henry VIII of England and Thomas More at odds, More lost his head. Catholic
   Mary and Protestant Elizabeth slug it out.
 * The meaning of spirituality is a powder keg waiting to explode. **Factual narrative
   citations**: Arius, Presbyter of Alexandria, Leo Tolstoy, John Milton and John
   Julius Norwich.
 * Own opinion editorial of systemic corruption**.** **Factual narrative citations**:
   Egyptology, Pareto Principle, Aldous Huxley, Winston Churchill’s Defence of Democracy.
 * Against all odds, Italy became united.
 * [ Italy Is United; But Pour More Oil](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869766)
 * Italy is politically and socially in troubled waters.

[PICA Law](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869767)

 * Tutorial based on a Research Paper _‘Law enforcement and political participation:
   Italy, 1861-65’_ by Antonio Accetturo, Matteo Bugamelli and Andrea Lamorgese.
 * Law enforcement war of attrition pits the army against brigands, peasants unfairly
   burdened. Electoral suffrage through the ballot box is far from assured, protest
   is the only means of being heard, and ‘mafia’ becomes synonymous with banditry.
 * Garibaldi has regrets about his handing over to the King. His connections to 
   the American Civil War are explored. His son Ricciotti takes on the mantle to
   make Italy a Republic, the setting is Filadelfia, up the road from Francavilla.

[1870-1900: Rome Cedes, Liberal State Fledges, Socialism 101](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869768)

 * Wars elsewhere in Europe dictated events in Italy.
 * Papal power dislodged with Rome forced into the united Italy under a Monarch.
 * The South pines with Bourbon romanticism; danger looms from those trained militarily,
   mix in credos for the making of _‘black market’_ governance otherwise known as
   _Mafia’_ in Sicily, ‘_Cosa Nostra, Ndrangheta and Camorrra’_ in Calabria.
 * Italy’s economy languishes, the only bright spot is silk production but underpinned
   by child labour. Attempts were made to improve education to ward off the influence
   of socialism and clericalism.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Carlo Collodi (Pinocchio fame) focussed his 
   fable on the sloth and dishonesty of the ruling classes.

[1876-1900 Trial and Error Sequences for Governance](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869769)

 * The plight of the poor, founded on food shortages, stokes political unrest,
 * PM Crispi concocts a plan to promote patriotism by initiating wars,_ Massawa/
   Eritrea and Dogali/Ethiopia and _later_ Adua (Adwa)_.
 * Socialists enter Sicilian politics forcing consideration for land reforms, strongly
   opposed by wealthy landowners; violence erupts.
 * [ Vogels Join Volksdeuchen Balkan Migration](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869770)
 * Oral history account of migration to the Balkans.
 * Discourse relates to the spread and later the contraction of the Ottoman Empire.
 * The rise of the Hapsburg Empire into South-eastern Europe.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Helga Horiak Harriman,[^([8])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn8)
   Danube Swabians (Donauschwaben).
 * Issues arise with religious disparity between Catholic and Orthodox Christianity.
 * [ All Political Off-Ramps Lead to Conflict](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869771)

[Nonno Giuseppe, Idealistic Shadows and Economic Flickering](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869772)

 * Francesco Crispi considers options for a new governance model. Marxism headlining
   in the universities kept up political pressure.
 * An improvement in the economy provides a breather and thought is given by Giovanni
   Giolitti to enhance materialism to maintain economic momentum, new brands Fiat;
   Lancia and Alfa Romeo are born but limited to the North.
 * In the South cheap transatlantic fares gave the poor an out to go and make money
   in America.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Benedetto Croce wants to abandon consumerism
   to promote greater depth in employment opportunities and diversify away from 
   civil jobs.
 * The _Futurism Movement _eventually became _fascism _after 1918_._
 * Known oral history of our Simonetti ancestors blended into the documented historical
   narrative of the times.
 * Limited research of the origins of ‘Simonetti’, the effect of genetic dilution
   put into perspective.
 * Simonetti landholdings: farming & house lots in Francavilla, Nonno’s death a 
   blow to family’s welfare

[Giolitti’s Liberal Experiment](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869773)

 * Socialism remains in Giolitti’s crosshairs, even though the possibility of revolution
   was ever so slight, given the lack of industrialisation.
 * The _‘Nationalists’ _provided wiggle room for the strain between Gilliotti and
   the Industrialists whilst the war was sparked by the Balkan crisis. Gilliotti
   makes overtures to the Catholic Church, by then realising that secular governance
   was inevitable.

[Italy and WWI Made for Each Other](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869774)

 * Contradictions in its socialist ideology did not prove a hindrance to Benito 
   Mussolini joining the Futurists and Nationalists advocating for war.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Sir Samuel Hoare[^([9])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn9)
   Britain’s MI5 spy in Rome has Mussolini play up the need for Italy to remain 
   in the war. Ernest Hemingway in his book _‘A Farewell to Arms’_.
 * Italy wanted to redeem historical territories South Tyrol and Istria from Austria.
 * Italy does have an aircraft industry.

[The Liberal State Becomes a Casualty](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869775)

 * Northern Italy’s proximity to Croatia and cross-border settlements goes back 
   centuries. The Vogel connection to immigration is made.
 * Italy shares modestly in the spoils of war with the gain of Trent, South Tyrol
   and Istria, but missed out on Dalmatia and Italian Italian-speaking port of Fiume(
   Rijeka). Discontent led to a coup led by D’Annunzio.
 * Benito Mussolini soul searches and decides to ditch his left-leaning sympathies
   to sure up popular support. In effect, the move makes him the same as the Nationalists.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: The _‘Anarchists’_ (university graduates) led
   by _Antonio Gramsci_.
 * Mussolini was duplicitous in the control of the _Squadristi _for incremental 
   gain for political power.
 * [ Fascism Made to Order](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869776)
 * Mayhem, courtesy of the _Squadristi, _needed to be rewarded but critically the
   Fascist movement had to avoid being destroyed in the process. Mussolini showed
   creativity in such a task to prevent the implosion of his party.
 * Mussolini fell in with the landowners by his stopping further land transfers 
   to peasants. He also reconciled with the church by allowing religious symbols
   in public and beginning a program to repair war-damaged churches.

[Stains of Feudal Persistence](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869777)

 * Family oral history encompassing ambient economic conditions facing members and
   how they worked to overcome them. Simonetti’s are farmers, Cannatelli’s in commodities
   trade and leather tanning.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Edward C Banfield, Gerocarne terrain appears
   to be like that of _‘__Montegrano’_, the scourge of Pellagra (vitamin deficiency).
 * Business survival secrets in poverty point to _‘good, bad and ugly’_

[Nonno Giuseppe Attisani](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869778)

 * Known oral history of our Attisani ancestors blended into the documented historical
   narrative of the times.
 * **Factual narrative citations**: Research Paper: _The construction of the road
   network in Italian East Africa (1936-41) by Stefano Cecini[^(**[10]**)](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn10)._
 * Nonno Giuseppe Attisani went to North Africa to work for Construction _‘Ditta’(
   Company) Puricella.’_ Conditions captured by Cecini’s Paper are presented as 
   a synopsis. The contracts that the men signed up to make them participate in 
   a kind of _‘living hell’_ reminiscent of what may happen after _Mephistopheles
   [^(**[11]**)](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn11)_ takes one’s
   soul to that place.
 * Family photos of our mother and grandfather provide valued insight into our past
   in Francavilla. Nonno’s appearance is compared to _Clarke Gable_ (Movie: Gone
   with the Wind).
 * Family disruption cause dysfunctional norms to arise made even more distasteful
   by cultural demands of the time. Evidence that it became a learnt experience 
   is explored with opinions.
 * Characters’ relationship to later events in Australia are introduced: Nicola 
   Gattuso married Maria Rosa Geroloma Orsida; my high school friend’s father Cristiano
   Spiller immigrates from Northern Italy.

[The Fascist Nation Packaged](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869779)

 * The everyday fascists were being moulded into a nation around the cult figure
   known as _‘il Duce’._
 * The struggle between the Church and Mussolini was based on their competing for
   the ideology for the spirit of the people.

[Sir Winston Churchill](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869796)

[Brief Bio](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869797)

 * So that we get to know that he was privileged but not born perfect or led a perfect
   existence pre-WWII.
 * Churchill was afflicted by _‘bipolar’_ disorder**.** **Factual narrative citations**:
   Prof Nassir Ghaemi, Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tufts University.

[Pitfalls in the Political Wilderness](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869798)

 * Snapshot of his political career.
 * His involvement in Saudi Arabia’s development. **Factual narrative citations**:
   Synopsis based on Robert Lacey’s book _‘The Kingdom._
 * Introductions to Roosevelt (FDR) and the inimitable Harry St John Philby who 
   was Kim’s father. Kim would later become one of the five spies recruited by the
   Soviets.
 * Churchill at first sees positives in Fascism. Mine own need to hypothetically
   understand what Fascism meant if I had to choose between destitution and promise
   out of the drudgery of poverty.
 * Churchill and the Russia post the Communist ascendency.
 * Churchill stumbles with the _‘Gold Standard’_.
 * Churchill implies his shortcomings in paying homage to Neville Chamberlain.
 * [ WW2 Bookend to WW1](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_Toc127869795)
 * Review of Italy’s hegemonic position or lack thereof in European power struggles,
   is explored. Ottoman power sliding.
 * Contemporary commentators studied for their opinions about Britain declaring 
   war against Germany in what became known as the ‘Great War’. **Factual narrative
   citations**: Eric Metaxas[^([12])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn12),
   historian Robert Lacey, _‘Intelligence Squared’, _with eminent panellists’ debate_“
   Britain Should Not Have Fought in the First World War”._
 * Tutorial of WWI to ensure an understating of what occurred at a time when the
   Russian Revolution ushered in Karl Marx’s Communist ideology as a formal means
   of governance. Professor Victor Davis-Hansen[^([13])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn13)
   labelled Marx, Engels including Gramsci and other adherents as _‘pernicious thinkers_;
   he added Sigmund Freud into the mix.
 * Personal observations shared of _‘God’ _and _‘Conscious Human Brain’._ **Factual
   narrative citations:** Sir Thomas More (1478 – 1535), Francis Bacon[^([14])](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftn14)(
   1561-1626) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).
 * My Catholic upbringing, the need to go to heaven rather than hell, is analysed.
   The personal viewpoint leads to a basis for understanding the human propensity
   continually to throw up outlier _‘anti-Christs’_ which preclude us from peacefully
   coexist.
 * The conceptual ‘_Original Sin’_ is analysed to explain resident evil or malice
   in all of us. **Factual narrative citations**: Luc Ferry quotes Rousseau, Old
   Testament Bible incites ethnic cleansing.
 * The relative difficulty for Democracy to be instituted compared to Communism 
   and theocracies which can be bludgeoned into existence by authority**.** **Factual
   narrative citations**: Stephen Kotkin, Professor of History at Princeton University.
 * Gentlemen Prime Ministers of Britain Chamberlain and Baldwin were pushovers for
   the likes of Hitler and Stalin; Churchill was more of the ‘_head-kicker’_ needed
   to take them on.
 *  Once We Departed Italia

There Was Strife: 1968-1973

 * We become distanced from Italia’s politics.
 * I marry Monika and my family makes steady progress.
 * Italy universities produce an oversupply of graduates who are duped into militantism
 * In 1970 a regional government system was instituted, and left-wingers benefited.
 * Air of superiority surfaces in the North, fragmentation. New liberal laws are
   enacted; divorce is among these.

Terrorists & Recession Woes:1973 – 1982

 * Democracy on the nose; due to activism in the North and Mafia in the South.
 * Graft fuels _political clientelism._ In the South Public works are a cash cow
   to organised crime; unemployment finds career paths in crime.
 * In the North the middle class finds relief in Marxist ideology against public
   servants.
 * Unnatural political alliances between CD and PCI lead to even more corruption

Italia 2.0 – La Prima República Finisce, Inizia Italia 3.0 – La Seconda República

 * Recession ends in 1984, business flourishes but government squanders the advantage,
   public debt rises substantially
 * EC’s need to rein in debt for the common currency impedes business. North blames
   the South for ‘cash burn’ leads to calls for a ‘federation’ and ditching the ‘
   republic’ policies leading to the collapse of the 1^(st)
 * Neo Fascists _Alleanza Nazionale_ makes a run but Berluscone’s new party is victorious
   with their backing plus that of the ‘Northern League’.
 *  Italia Enters the 21st Century
 * Northern League puts the boots into the South
 * Berlusconi rehashes Italy’s Fascist past and questions the ‘Resistance’ and alliances
   do the merry-go-round
 *  Democracy In The 21st Century
 * Has its challenges

 

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[1]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref1) Professor of Modern Italian History, Department of Italian, University College London, London, England.
Author of Milan Since the Miracle: City, Culture, and Identity and others.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[2]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref2) Published in the ‘New Yorker’ Magazine, 9 July 2007.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[3]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref3) Irish Historian, studied at the London School of Economics and the University of Cambridge.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[4]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref4) Professor Emeritus, Department of History, UMass Amherst, A specialist on Italian and European social history,
author of Fascism and the Industrial Leadership in Italy, 1919-1940 (1971).

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[5]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref5) Wilkinson, Maurice. “The Myth of Garibaldi.” The Catholic Historical Review, vol. 13, no. 4, 1928, 
pp. 630–645. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25012482. Accessed 10 Mar. 2021.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[6]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref6) ‘Giuseppe Garibaldi – Man and Myth’, Best of Sicily Magazine.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[7]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref7) Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare’

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[8]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref8) Doctoral Thesis ‘The German Minority in Yugoslavia 1941 – 1945’

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[9]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref9) Sparticus-Education.com; John Simkin Blog 1997, quotes historian Peter Martland, credited with uncovering
the deal.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[10]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref10) Original in Italian: [http://dprs.uniroma1.it/sites/default/files/16.html](http://dprs.uniroma1.it/sites/
default/files/16.html)

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[11]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref11) Assuming Mephistopheles must have been credited with some wins of those souls which he bargained for.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[12]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref12) YouTube Channel “Socrates in the City”

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[13]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref13) A professor emeritus of Classics at California State University, Fresno, the Martin and Illie Anderson 
Senior Fellow in classics and military history at the conservative Hoover Institution

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[14]](https://italiajoe.com/after-italia-1-02-03-0/#_ftnref14) Book: The New Atlantis